**> Confusion is diagnostic of cognitive disequilibrium, a state that occurs when learners face obstacles to goals, contradictions, incongruities, anomalies, uncertainty, and salient contrasts (Festinger, 1957; Graesser, Lu, Olde, Cooper-Pye, & Whitten, 2005; Graesser & Olde, 2003; Piaget, 1952)
serious game could be designed to place the players in cognitive disequilibrium and have them conquer the impasses, thereby boosting self-efficacy.